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ART 101

Understanding Abstract Art

Understanding Abstract Art
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FLOAREA BAENZIGER

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Numerous theoretical ideas deal with abstract art. While some have taken the idea of “art for art’s sake,” others have implied that art should be like music; just as music is patterns of sound, art should be created by pure patterns of form, color, and line; there are those who see abstract art as carrying a moral dimension, abstract art can be seen to stand for virtues such as purity and spirituality; and finally, those using the term “abstract” formally, as a distinction from figuration in art (as in non-figurative).  

How Abstract Art impacts our mental process

Abstract art seems to elicit different mental processes than figurative art. While representational art requires a more local and object-focused scan pattern, abstract art involves more globally distributed viewing patterns. Our brain adopts a more exploratory strategy for seeking visual clues while staring at abstract art. Hence more complex areas of our brain seem to be stimulated by abstract art.

Appreciating abstract art

To claim to understand abstract art is like pretending to understand the Universe; its complexity is beyond us. When it comes to abstract art, a more appropriate approach would be to learn to appreciate it. We can do this with an open mind and heart by looking for clues in the feelings and ideas it arises in us – the emotional approach.  

Nevertheless, art in general and abstract art in particular should and must be interpreted in its historical context. Despite claiming to be a universal form of art, the ideas behind abstract art were very much generated by a cumulus of factors converging at certain point in time – rational approach.  

First Experiments towards abstraction

The big revolution in art and the journey towards Abstraction began with the Modernist artistic movements. The pioneering artists of the 19th century (Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne and George Surat among others) had a burning desire to innovate, not only because the Academic Art was not representative for an industrial society but they felt the menace of a new invention called daguerreotype.  

The growing popularity of the first photo camera was threatening the artists´ role of depicting reality, this is when the modern artists started to reject traditional three-dimensional space and instead used flat areas or patches of colour to create a new pictorial space.  

The Avant-garde - shapes and colours

The following generation of Avant-garde artists proved to be even more radical and searched for inspiration far away from Europe, in the ancestral cultures of the African tribes. The Fauvists (like Henry Matisse or André Derrain) were interested in the scientific colour theories and in the use of complimentary colours for creating tension on the canvas. For many of the artists who adopted a fauvist approach it became a transitional stepping stone for future developments in their style, towards abstraction.  

The Cubists (George Braque, Pablo Picasso or Juan Griss) proposed a new way of depicting an object: multiple viewing angles layered on the canvas. The fragmentation and reassembling of the world proposed by the Parisian cubists had encouraged several other artists, especially from countries such as Holland and Russia, to push farther into a world of forms, leaving behind any reference to recognizable objects or scenes. The invention of these new kinds of abstract or "non-objective" art coincided with the cataclysm of World War I, and the artists involved explained their innovations in terms of contemporary revolutions in both society and consciousness or as the emergence of a changed human order. 

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Inventing abstraction - Wassily Kandinsky

“Colour is the keyboard, the eyes are the harmonies, the soul is the piano with many strings. The artist is the hand that plays, touching one key or another, to cause vibrations in the soul.” 

- Wassily Kandinsky  

Until the end of the 19th century, the value of a painting was judged by its ability to represent reality. For this reason, music was often regarded by artists as a pure form of art. One of these artists was the Russian born Wassily Kandinsky. The future inventor of Abstraction was born on December 4, 1866 in Moscow and had a formal training in law, economics and ethnography. However, by the age of 30 he had abandoned a career in law; he had fled his native country for Munich, in order to pursue his passion for art.  

While still living in Russia, Kandinsky found an important connection between colour and music. He is believed to have had synaesthesia, a condition that makes people perceive colour not only as a visual property of objects, but to associate colours with sounds of different qualities and intensities. He was convinced that painting, alike music, must fulfil a spiritual role.  

Although Kandinsky had developed the philosophical foundation for an abstract art as early as 1909, he had been hesitant to abandon representation. After hearing Arnold Schoenberg’s concert in January 1911, his work took a completely new turn. In the following days he made quick sketches of that performance and he further diluted these drawings until only traces of the original subject remained in his paintings.  

Composition V – first abstract painting?

In the summer of the same year, Kandisnky began working on Composition V, a monumental painting in size, the most radical painting displayed at that time, announcing his ambitions for abstraction. Just a few months later, after being rejected by the official salon, he included the picture in the first exhibition of Der Blaue Reiter (the Blue Rider), a group co-founded together with Franz Marc (killed during the WWI at 36 years of age).  

Simultaneously, he published Concerning the Spiritual in Art, one of the first thesis to argue for artistic abstraction. His essay examines the purpose of art and how colours and forms impact the human soul. Since abstract art is freed from representation, colours and forms can display their own spirit and express the feelings of the artists. In his book, Kandinsky declares that the most advanced art offers “emotions that we cannot put into words”.  

The events of 1911 were equivalent to opening Pandora’s box in art. The invention of a non-objective form of art defined in manifestos as a reflection of the deep transformation in the society, anticipated the devastation of the WWI (1914-1918) but at the same time opened unknown paths for artistic explorations. 

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1. The Red Tree, 1908-1910, source: Gemeentemuseum den Haag

2. The Grey Tree, 1911, source: Gemeentemuseum den Haag

3. Flowering Apple Tree 1912, source: Tate Modern  

Piet Mondrian

Other artists followed in Kandinsky’s steps on the path of abstraction but no other artist’s body of work can better illustrate the transformation from figurative depiction to abstraction as the Dutch painter Piet Mondrian. Mondrian’s fascination with trees developed out of his earlier landscape painting. After absorbing the influences of Cubism, Mondrian reworked the image of his trees to abstraction, and later on to primary colours. The trunk and branches were transforming into a network of verticals and horizontals. He acknowledged the inspiration of nature but added, “I want to come as close as possible to the truth, and I abstract everything from that until I reach the foundation of things”. 

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No. 5, 1948, Jackson Pollock, sold in 2006 in a private sale for $135 million, according to The New York Times 

Abstract Expressionism - Abstraction in America

“It seems to me that the modern painter cannot express this age, the airplane, the atom bomb, the radio, in the old forms of the Renaissance or of any other past culture. Each age finds its own technique.” 

Jackson Pollock - interview with William Wright, 1950 

Prior to WWII, the art world has been dominated for centuries by Europe but the new geo-political reality was about to reshape dramatically the global art scene. The arrival in the United States of various immigrants associated with the Surrealist movement (André Breton, Max Ernst or Marcel Duchamp) fleeing the war was extremely well timed.  

The European Surrealist proved to be a great influence on the young artists active in New York at that time. The expanding group of artists including figures such as Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, Arshile Gorky, Willem de Kooning, Barnett Newman, Robert Motherwell, Clyfford Still and Adolph Gottlieb was soon labelled as “Abstract Expressionists” despite never being formally organized in an art movement.  

They were, however, unified to some extent by the patronage of a wealthy heiress, Peggy Guggenheim. She is the first to organize exhibitions for the young artists at her newly open gallery, Art of This Century. No other name could better describe the gallery where Abstract Expressionism would catch the interest equally of art critics and politicians.  

Jackson Pollock – the star of Abstract Art  

One of Jackson Pollock’s early works (Guardians of the secret, 1943) demonstrates how stylistic borrowings from the Cubist-derived abstraction, Expressionism and Surrealism were fused with the interest in myth and primitivism and powered by the idea of large scale painting (a symbol of the rebirth of Americana, intensely promoted through the Federal Art Project – part of Roosevelt’s New Deal).  

Pollock’s experiments didn’t stop at mixing various art influences but he took a very daring approach. His most accomplished works were produced in a dramatically different fashion, he rhythmically dripped and spattered industrial paints, by using a stick instead of a brush, all-over huge expanses of unstretched canvases placed on his studio floor – what became known as “drip painting”. His innovation lies in bringing the process of creation under the spotlights, his Action Painting was almost a mystic parade of gestures. Pollock is hailed by his main promoter, the art critic Clement Greenberg as the inheritor of the European abstract tradition. 

By the 1949, Pollock acquired appreciable market success so that Life magazine was asking rhetorically in a now famous editorial: “Is he the greatest living painter in the United States?”. The wealthy art-buying class that were Pollock’s enthusiasts incorporated the liberal intellectuals and politicians that were becoming increasingly interested in stepping-up the cold war against Communism. 

Abstract Expressionism and the Cold War

The American administration began a cultural war against the Social-Realism (an art movement associated with the communist regimes) by exporting internationally Abstract Expressionism as a symbol of the western capitalism. Just as the Marshall Plan sought to extend America’s influence in Europe through much needed it economic aid, the touring exhibition organized by MoMA with the support of CIA, sought to gain influence over the hearts of minds of Europe.  

New York School of Art 

By the early 1950s, the idea of an art movement called Abstract Expressionism seem more of critics´ invention than a homogenous art movement. Under the umbrella New York School you had on one hand the painters whose work was based on a gestural approach (Gestural Abstraction): De Kooning, Jackson Pollock and Robert Motherwell, on the other hand, artists like Clayford Still, Mark Rothko and Barnett Newman who relied on large fields of colour (Colour Field Painting) to produce solemn effects on their canvases. These artists had an interest in archetype and anima and studied Kandisnky´s theories.  

Despite their sometimes bombastic spiritual claims and being often criticized for being egocentrics, we should not forget that Newman and Rothko were a response to the history of their times. Human dignity and spiritual aspirations have been completely crushed during the WWII and their art was a way of healing the trauma of this great tragedy of human kind. As Paul Klee remarked in 1915: “The more fearful the world becomes, the more art becomes abstract”. 

The Legacy

Because of the huge influence of Abstract Expressionism in post-war America, other artists and movements are generally understood in relation to it. Ad Reinhardt in the early 1950s and then Frank Stella later in the decade painted abstract canvases, but rejected the Abstract Expressionist based on gesture They instead reinforced the essence of the painting as a physical object through precise geometric forms and smooth application of paint, anticipating the Minimalism art. Since the Abstract Expressionism painting was fundamentally “performative” it is regarded as the starting point for the Happenings (Allan Kaprow) of the 1960. Few decades later Abstract Art fell into semi-obscurity for a while only to be resuscitated and to coexist along a wide variety of art forms and ideas, so typical of our post-modern reality.  

“Abstraction allows man to see with his mind what he cannot see physically with his eyes… Abstract art enables to perceive beyond the tangible, to extract the infinite out of the finite. It is the emancipation of the mind. It is an exploration into unknown areas.” – Arshile Gorky 

Author: Floarea Baenziger

Refrences: 

 Books: 

1. David Hopkins, After Modern Art 1945-2000, Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 5-33; 

2. Robert Hughes, The Shock of the New: Art and the Century of Change, Thames & Hudson Ltd, 2004; 

3. Kirk Varnedoe, Pictures of Nothing: Abstract Art since Pollock, Princeton University Press, 2006; 

4. Leah Dickerman, Inventing abstraction – How a radical idea changed modern art, 1910-1925, catalogue MoMA, New York, 2013; 

 Articles: 

1. Helen A. Harrison, Through a Glass Brightly: Jackson Pollock in His Own Words, The New York Times, Nov. 15, 1998; 

2. Pepe Karmel, The Golden Age of Abstraction: Right Now, ARTnews, April 24, 2013;

3. Meyer Schapiro, Nature of Abstract Art, www.on-curating.org, October 2003; 

4. Celia Durkin, Eileen Hartnett, Daphna Shohamy, An objective evaluation on the beholder’s response to abstract and figurative art based on construal level theory, PNAS, August 2020. 

Author: Floarea Bänziger, RtistiQ curator

RtistiQ is a leading online art marketplace that features a wide curated selection of Abstract art created by emerging and established artists from all over the world. All artworks are original and blockchain powered so you can shop abstract art with an ease of mind. Discover all abstract artworks here. 

 

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The choice of medium significantly influences the aesthetic outcome and the creative process itself. Artists often use it to describe how they created their artwork, which gives a sense of how it needs to be viewed as well. For e.g. Oil paintings ( referenced as "Oil on Canvas") are best observed from a distance to get a more clearer understanding and the depth of the Art. Again depending on the Category of work there are different materials used to fulfill the Artistic vision of the creator. Here are some examples of art mediums in the context of Material Used Paints: Artists use various types of paints, including oil paints, watercolors, acrylics, and gouache, each with its own characteristics and techniques. These pigments, when combined with binders, allow artists to manipulate color, texture, and opacity on different surfaces. A combination of the paint type and the support used form the Medium used for the artwork, for e.g. Oil on Canvas, Gouache on paper, Acrylic on Linen etc... Drawing Tools: Pencils, pens, charcoal, markers, and pastels are all examples of drawing tools that artists employ. These tools vary in hardness, texture, and line quality, enabling artists to create intricate details or bold, expressive strokes. Sculpting Materials: Sculptors utilize a plethora of materials such as stone, wood, metal, clay, plastic, and even unconventional materials like ice or food. Each material offers its unique qualities, texture, and potential for manipulation. Cameras and Photographic Equipment: With the advent of photography, cameras and photographic equipment became vital art mediums. Film cameras, digital cameras, lenses, lighting equipment, and photo-editing software all contribute to the creation of photographic art. Printmaking Supplies: Printmaking relies on materials like printing plates, inks, brayers, and printing presses. These tools facilitate the transfer of images from the plate to the chosen substrate, resulting in distinct prints with their own visual characteristics. Clay and Kilns: Ceramics artists employ different types of clay, glazes, and firing techniques to shape and fire their creations. The firing process in kilns transforms the raw materials into durable and visually captivating ceramic pieces. Fabrics and Threads: Textile artists utilize a wide range of fabrics, threads, dyes, and surface design techniques to create intricate tapestries, clothing, quilts, or fiber-based sculptures. The choice of fabric and the application of techniques contribute to the overall visual and tactile impact of the artwork. The Importance of Art Medium The medium that an artist chooses to work with can have a significant impact on the style and meaning of the artwork. For example, a painting made with oil paints will have a different look and feel than a painting made with watercolors. The medium can also affect the way that the viewer interacts with the artwork, an example being, a sculpture that is made from metal will feel different to the touch than a sculpture that is made from wood. The art medium is of utmost importance in the representation of art as it influences the aesthetics, technical possibilities, symbolic significance, and cultural context of an artwork. It allows artists to express their vision, engage viewers, and communicate their intended messages effectively. The careful consideration and deliberate selection of the art medium contribute to the overall artistic expression and impact of the artwork.Different art mediums have evolved throughout history and across cultures, reflecting the societal and historical context in which they originated. The selection of a particular medium can evoke associations and references to specific art movements, traditions, or periods. The Future of Art Mediums The art world is constantly evolving, and new art mediums are being developed all the time. For example, digital art is becoming increasingly popular, as artists use computers and other digital tools to create their work. It is impossible to predict what the future holds for art mediums. However, it is likely that new art mediums will continue to be developed, and that artists will continue to experiment with different materials and techniques. It's important to note that the future of art mediums will be shaped by the creativity and experimentation of artists themselves, as they continue to push boundaries, embrace new technologies, and explore innovative approaches to art-making. The possibilities are vast, and the future of art mediums for visual artists holds exciting potential for artistic expression and engagement with audiences. Digital, Augmented and Virtual Realities, Mixed Media, Eco-Friendly Materials, BioArt and Living Materials, all are being explored, included and evolved for Artists to continously push the boundaries of their creative abilities to produce thought provoking artworks. Conclusion In the realm of art, the term "art medium" embraces a dual meaning. It encompasses both the categorization of art forms and the materials employed by artists. The category of art medium reflects the different disciplines and techniques artists employ to create their work, while the material aspect highlights the tangible tools and substances used to manifest their creative visions. Artists' choices of medium significantly influence the visual, tactile, and conceptual qualities of their artworks. Furthermore, contemporary artists often push the boundaries of traditional mediums by exploring hybrid forms and incorporating new technologies. Understanding the significance of art medium enhances our appreciation for the diverse expressions and the innovative approaches artists employ in their creative endeavors.

Lowbrow Art Movement: A Journey Through Its Characteristics and Influence

ART 101

Lowbrow Art Movement: A Journey Through Its Characteristics and Influence

The Lowbrow art movement, also known as pop surrealism, has emerged as a captivating and distinctive artistic movement that challenges traditional norms and blurs the boundaries between high and low culture. Rooted in the rebellious spirit of underground art scenes, Lowbrow art has gained recognition for its unique characteristics, diverse subject matter, and ability to engage viewers with its whimsical, provocative, and often dark narratives. This article delves into the fascinating world of the Lowbrow art movement, exploring its defining characteristics and its profound impact on contemporary art. Origin of Lowbrow Art The origin of Lowbrow art can be traced back to the 1970s in Southern California, specifically in the Los Angeles area. The movement emerged as a response to the dominant art trends of the time and sought to challenge the elitism and exclusivity of the traditional art world. The term "Lowbrow" itself was coined by artist Robert Williams, who used it to describe his own artistic style. Williams, along with other like-minded artists, felt disconnected from the mainstream art scene, which heavily favored abstract expressionism and minimalism. They found inspiration in underground comics, hot rod culture, and other elements of popular and counter-culture. Robert Williams, claims the copyright on the word "Lowbrow" The influence of underground comics, particularly artists such as Robert Crumb, played a significant role in shaping the aesthetics and subject matter of Lowbrow art. These comics often featured satirical, irreverent, and subversive content that resonated with the countercultural movements of the time. The Lowbrow art movement sought to challenge the elitism and exclusivity of highbrow art by incorporating popular culture, comic books, graffiti, street art, and subcultural elements into its visual vocabulary. Rejecting the notion that art should solely focus on lofty concepts or traditional techniques, Lowbrow artists celebrate the kitsch, the strange, and the marginalized, creating a rich tapestry of visually engaging and accessible works. Purple as an Inexplicable Poetic Force, 2015, oil on canvas, courtesy LSU Museum of Art Characteristics of Lowbrow Art Pop Culture Influence: Lowbrow art draws heavily from popular culture, including comic books, cartoons, science fiction, B-movies, and advertising. It embraces the iconography and symbols of these mediums, using them to tell stories, subvert expectations, and critique societal norms. One prominent characteristic of Lowbrow art is its subversion of traditional artistic norms. By appropriating and recontextualizing pop culture imagery, Lowbrow artists challenge the conventional notions of high art, blurring the line between fine art and popular entertainment. This fusion of high and low culture creates a playful and accessible aesthetic that resonates with a broad audience. Skillful Execution: Though often labeled as "low," the technical proficiency of Lowbrow art is noteworthy. Many Lowbrow artists possess strong foundational skills, blending traditional techniques with contemporary approaches. This fusion allows for highly detailed and imaginative creations that captivate viewers with their level of craftsmanship. Lowbrow art encompasses a wide range of artistic styles and mediums, including painting, sculpture, illustration, and digital art. The artists employ a variety of techniques, such as hyperrealism, surrealism, and cartooning, to bring their visions to life. The meticulous attention to detail and the mastery of various mediums demonstrate the artistic prowess of Lowbrow practitioners. Playful and Whimsical Imagery: Lowbrow art often features surreal, whimsical, and fantastical imagery. Artists freely explore the realm of imagination, creating dreamlike scenarios, anthropomorphized characters, and surreal juxtapositions. This infusion of playful elements injects a sense of wonder and joy into the art, captivating audiences with its otherworldly charm. The whimsical nature of Lowbrow art allows viewers to escape the constraints of reality and enter a world of fantasy and possibility. The imagery is often marked by vibrant colors, exaggerated proportions, and fantastical landscapes, transporting viewers to a realm where anything is possible. Dark and Subversive Undertones: While Lowbrow art embraces the playful, it also delves into the darker aspects of human existence. It explores themes of alienation, social commentary, and the human psyche. Through a blend of humor, satire, and irony, Lowbrow artists invite viewers to confront uncomfortable truths, offering a critique of societal norms and challenging established narratives. Lowbrow art often serves as a platform for social and political commentary, tackling issues such as consumerism, environmental degradation, and cultural stereotypes. It exposes the contradictions and absurdities of contemporary society, encouraging viewers to question the status quo and examine their own beliefs and values. Narrative-driven Artworks: Lowbrow art often tells stories, presenting viewers with intricate narratives and inviting them to interpret the visual tales within the artwork. These narratives can be personal, social, or cultural, provoking thought and sparking conversations around the artwork's underlying themes. Lowbrow artists employ storytelling techniques to engage viewers on a deeper level. The narratives within the artworks may be cryptic, leaving room for individual interpretation and multiple layers of meaning. The stories can be fantastical, symbolic, or even autobiographical, allowing viewers to form personal connections with the art and its themes. Influence and Impact The Lowbrow art movement has had a significant impact on the art world and popular culture. Initially relegated to underground galleries and alternative spaces, Lowbrow art has gained recognition and acceptance in mainstream art institutions. Its unique blend of technical skill, popular culture references, and thought-provoking narratives has resonated with audiences around the world, appealing to both art enthusiasts and those outside the traditional art sphere. Moreover, Lowbrow art has influenced and shaped other contemporary art forms, such as street art, illustration, and graphic design. It has blurred the lines between high and low culture, challenging the notion of what constitutes "legitimate" art. By incorporating elements from subcultures, comics, and street art, Lowbrow has breathed new life into the art scene, fostering creativity, diversity, and inclusivity. Conclusion The Lowbrow art movement, with its distinctive characteristics and diverse subject matter, has carved a unique place for itself in the contemporary art landscape. By embracing popular culture, subverting artistic norms, and incorporating whimsical and dark elements, Lowbrow art captivates viewers and invites them to explore new realms of imagination and thought. Through its playful and accessible aesthetic, Lowbrow art has challenged the elitism of the art world, blurring the boundaries between high and low culture. It has inspired a new generation of artists, encouraging them to break free from traditional artistic conventions and explore their own unique voices. The influence of Lowbrow art extends beyond the boundaries of the art world, permeating popular culture and shaping contemporary visual aesthetics. Its impact can be seen in street art, illustration, graphic design, and even fashion.As the Lowbrow art movement continues to evolve and push artistic boundaries, it serves as a testament to the power of art to challenge, provoke, and inspire. By embracing the unconventional and celebrating the extraordinary in the ordinary, Lowbrow art reminds us of the boundless possibilities of artistic expression and the enduring impact it can have on our society and culture.

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